Refactor the code

How can i refactor the below code

class BlogPostsController < ApplicationController   def ex     @p_p = B.where(‘published_at <= ?’, Time.now)     @unp_p = BlogPost.where(‘published_at = ? OR published_at > ?’, nil, Time.now)   end end

How would I optimize the following code?

and

How can i refactor the below code

These smell like homework problems. Asking us to do your homework for you will do Bad Things to your grades if your teacher finds out, your professional reputation later, and of course your understanding of what should actually be done. If you need help understanding the concepts involved, you need to make that clear, so we can steer you towards actual enlightenment rather than a plagiarized solution.